Most volcanoes form at the boundaries of Earth's tectonic plates, which are huge slabs of crust and upper mantle that fit together like puzzle pieces. Think of these plates as massive rafts floating ...

For most of deep time, spreading ridges released more carbon than volcano chains, changing how we interpret Earth’s climate history.

Submarine volcanoes, volcanic structures hidden beneath the ocean surface, play a vital role in shaping Earth’s geology and marine ecosystems. Formed through tectonic plate movements, rising magma, ...

Brenainn Simpson works for the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Geological Survey of New South Wales and publishes with the permission of the Chief Geoscientist and Head of ...