In the ninth and tenth centuries, castles were often built of wood and easily burned down by enemies. As unrest spread across Europe and warfare began to change, castle designs had to adapt. Looming ...

We often romanticize the Middle Ages, seeing them as a time of chivalry, gallant knights, and castles. Beneath all of this pageantry and myth lies the stark reality of an era defined by brutal warfare ...

Kenneth Bartlett does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond ...

The history of medieval Europe is rich in bloody wars and conflicts. The Norman invasion, the Crusades, the Hundred Years' War, the Reconquista, the Wars of the Roses, the Albigensian Crusade and ...

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